If your company makes a trading loss, it may be able to claim relief to reduce its Corporation Tax liability. Trading losses can often be used in different ways, depending on your company’s circumstances.

A company may be able to use a trading loss against profits from the same accounting period, carry it back to reduce profits from an earlier period, or carry it forward to offset against future profits from the same trade.

When calculating a trading loss, adjustments may be needed to the company’s accounting profit or loss, including the impact of capital allowances and certain other tax adjustments. The amount of relief available will depend on the company’s individual circumstances.

If a loss is carried forward, it can usually be used against future profits. However, there are a number of restrictions that can apply to the amount of carried-forward losses that can be offset in certain circumstances.

A company may also be able to carry a trading loss back to claim a repayment of Corporation Tax previously paid. This can provide valuable cash flow support by resulting in a tax repayment.

Claiming available loss relief can help reduce the impact of a trading loss and ensure your company does not pay more Corporation Tax than necessary.

The term permanent establishment (PE) is an important tax concept for businesses that operate across international borders. In simple terms, it determines whether a business has created a sufficient presence in another country for its profits to be taxed there. The concept is used by HMRC to determine if a non-UK resident company has created a taxable business presence in the UK.

A permanent establishment is usually a fixed place of business in a country other than where the business is based. Typical examples include an office, branch, factory or workshop. The location must be at a distinct geographical place with a degree of permanence. As a general guide, a place of business used for more than six months is more likely to be treated as permanent, although this is not a strict rule and longer periods may apply to certain activities, such as construction projects.

The rules are not based solely on how long a business operates overseas. A business that uses the same building or location may create a permanent establishment even if it works from different rooms within that building. Equally, temporary interruptions in business activities do not necessarily mean that a permanent establishment has ended.

Whether an overseas presence qualifies as a PE in the UK depends on four statutory tests, which take account of the relevant tax treaty or domestic tax rules in the jurisdiction concerned. For the purposes of the Multinational Top-up Tax (MTT) rules, a PE is treated as a separate entity from the main business.

Creating a permanent establishment can trigger overseas tax registration, reporting and tax payment obligations. If your business is expanding abroad, opening an overseas office or undertaking long-term work in another country, it is important to consider the permanent establishment rules before you start, as unexpected tax liabilities can arise even when your overseas presence appears relatively limited.

Research and Development (R&D) tax relief is designed to support companies that invest in innovation and seek to make advances in science or technology. The scheme offers businesses the ability to invest in new technologies and scientific development in exchange for generous tax reliefs. However, not every project will qualify, and businesses should carefully consider whether their activities meet HMRC’s requirements before making a claim.

Only companies’ chargeable to UK Corporation Tax can qualify for R&D relief. In addition, the company must be undertaking a project that aims to achieve an advance in a field of science or technology. 

For tax purposes, the requirements that must be met for R&D to qualify for relief include creating new processes, products or services, making appreciable improvements to existing ones and even using science and technology to duplicate existing processes in a new way. R&D activities can qualify for tax relief even if the project in question failed and both profitable and loss-making companies can benefit from making a claim. 

The advance must go beyond simply improving processes or products for the business itself and should contribute to overall knowledge or capability in the relevant field. Since April 2023, mathematical advances can also qualify as scientific advances for R&D tax purposes.

Businesses should keep clear records of the uncertainties faced, the work undertaken to resolve them, and the successes and failures encountered during the project. Once eligibility has been established, the next step is to identify the qualifying expenditure that can be included in an R&D relief claim. 

Many businesses take out “key person” insurance policies to protect against the financial impact of losing an important employee, director or other individual who is central to the success of the business. These policies may provide cover for death, critical illness, sickness, accident or injury.

Whether tax relief is available for the insurance premiums depends on the nature and purpose of the policy. HMRC guidance confirms that premiums will generally be allowable as a business expense where the sole purpose of the policy is to protect the business against a loss of the individual’s services (not a capital loss). 

For life cover, relief is normally only available for term insurance policies that provide pure risk cover with no investment element. The policy term should also not extend beyond the individual’s expected usefulness to the business.

Policies with an investment or capital element, such as whole life or endowment policies, are generally treated as capital expenditure and tax relief for premiums is usually not deductible. Similar restrictions can apply where key person policies are linked to long-term loan finance.

Where premiums qualify for tax relief, any insurance proceeds received are generally taxable as trading income. Conversely, where premiums are not deductible, receipts are often not taxed, although the treatment depends on the specific circumstances.

Separate rules may also apply where employers insure against liabilities to compensate employees or where benefits are paid directly to employees under sickness or life insurance arrangements.

Those responsible for the accounts and tax compliance of private limited companies must ensure they are fully aware of the relevant obligations and statutory deadlines.

Following the end of each financial year, a private limited company is required to prepare full annual accounts and submit a Company Tax Return. The deadline for filing the first set of accounts must be filed with Companies House within 21 months of the date of incorporation. Thereafter, annual accounts must be filed within 9 months of the end of each financial year.

Corporation Tax is payable 9 months and 1 day after the end of the relevant accounting period. As a result, the tax liability will typically fall due before the filing deadline for the Company Tax Return.

In most cases, the Company Tax Return must be submitted within 12 months of the end of the accounting period. Filing is required to be completed online in iXBRL format, using either HMRC’s own software or approved third-party software.

The Corporation Tax accounting period will generally correspond with the 12-month company financial year covered by the annual accounts.

Penalties may be imposed by both Companies House and HMRC for late filing or non-compliance, and it is therefore essential that all deadlines are carefully monitored and adhered to.

The rate of Corporation Tax payable depends on the level of a company’s taxable profits. The main rate is 25% and applies where profits exceed £250,000. At the other end of the scale, companies with profits of £50,000 or less benefit from the Small Profits Rate, which remains at 19%.

For businesses with profits between these thresholds, marginal relief applies. Rather than facing a sharp increase in tax, companies experience a gradual rise in the effective rate as profits move from £50,000 towards £250,000. This ensures a smoother transition between the lower and higher rates.

It is important to note that the £50,000 and £250,000 thresholds are not always fixed. They are reduced where a company has associated companies or where the accounting period is shorter than 12 months, which can bring more businesses into the marginal relief band.

In practice, Corporation Tax is initially calculated at the main rate of 25%, with marginal relief then deducted to arrive at the final liability. The relief is calculated using a standard fraction of 3/200.

The marginal rates help smaller companies to pay less Corporation Tax based on their profit level and circumstances. 

After the end of its financial year, a private limited company must prepare full annual accounts and submit a company tax return. In most cases, the tax return must be filed within 12 months of the end of the accounting period it covers, and filing must be completed online.

There are penalties for the late submission of company tax returns. The filing penalties will increase for company tax returns where the filing date falls on or after 1 April 2026.

The penalties are designed to encourage companies to file their Corporation Tax returns by the required deadline. Fixed penalties for late filing were originally set in 1998 and have remained unchanged since then. Over time, inflation has significantly reduced the real value of these penalties and therefore their deterrent effect. In real terms, the penalties are now worth roughly half of what they were when first introduced.

The increase in company late filing penalties will see the doubling of fixed penalties. From 1 Apri 2026, a return that is filed late will attract a penalty of £200 instead of the current £100. If the return is more than three months late, the penalty will increase to £400, compared with the current £200. Higher penalties will continue to apply where a company repeatedly files late returns. Where there are three successive failures to file on time, the penalty will increase from £500 to £1,000, and where the return is more than three months late after three consecutive failures, the penalty will rise from £1,000 to £2,000.

Ensuring that company tax returns are submitted on time will help companies avoid unnecessary penalties and additional compliance costs.

If your business works in film, TV, games or the arts, Creative Industry Tax Reliefs could reduce your Corporation Tax bill and may even generate a payable tax credit.

Creative Industry Tax Reliefs (CITR) are a range of UK Corporation Tax reliefs designed to support companies operating in the creative sector. The reliefs allow qualifying companies to increase the amount of allowable expenditure when calculating their taxable profits, thereby reducing the Corporation Tax they are required to pay. Where a company is loss-making, it may be possible to surrender those losses in exchange for a payable tax credit.

CITR covers a wide variety of creative activities. Reliefs are available for film, animation, high-end television, children’s television and video game production, as well as for theatre, orchestra performances, and museums and galleries exhibitions. More recently, the Audio-Visual Expenditure Credit and the Video Games Expenditure Credit have been introduced, offering an alternative credit-based system for eligible productions.

To qualify for CITR, films, television programmes and video games must meet specific cultural criteria. This is usually achieved by passing a formal ‘cultural test’, which assesses various factors such as content, setting and the nationality of key personnel. Alternatively, a production may qualify through an internationally agreed co-production treaty. Meeting these requirements allows the production to be certified as a British film, British programme or British video game.

Certification is administered by the British Film Institute (BFI) on behalf of the Department for Culture, Media and Sport. The BFI can issue an interim certificate while production is ongoing, followed by a final certificate once the project has been completed. This certification is a key requirement for claiming the relevant tax reliefs.

Companies can reduce their Corporation Tax bill through a range of reliefs, including R&D credits, Patent Box, and creative industry tax reliefs, all of which will help to lower the overall tax on profits. Your company can also claim capital allowances for assets such as equipment, machinery and cars bought to use in your business.

The basic Corporation Tax reliefs include the following:

Research and Development tax reliefs – The R&D expenditure credit (RDEC) and enhanced R&D intensive support (ERIS) came into effect for accounting periods beginning on or after 1 April 2024. While the expenditure rules for both are the same, the calculation methods differ. The merged RDEC scheme is a taxable expenditure credit available to eligible trading companies subject to UK Corporation Tax. Even if a company qualifies for the ERIS, it may choose to claim under the merged scheme instead, but both schemes cannot be claimed for the same expenditure.

The Patent Box – This relief allows qualifying companies to apply a lower 10% corporation tax rate on profits arising from patent exploitation.

Creative industry tax reliefs (CITR) – This is the term for a collection of Corporation Tax reliefs that allow qualifying companies to claim a larger deduction, or in some circumstances claim a payable tax credit when calculating their taxable profits. The relief applies to qualifying expenditure in the production of certain films, high-end television, animation, video games, children’s television, theatre, orchestra and museum & galleries exhibitions.

Relief on goodwill and relevant assets – If the relief is available, it is at a fixed rate of 6.5% a year. This is on the lower of the cost of the relevant asset or 6 times the cost of any qualifying IP assets in the business purchased.

Loss relief – There are various Corporation Tax reliefs that may be available where your company or organisation makes a trading terminal, capital or property income losses. For example, trading losses may be used to claim relief from Corporation Tax by offsetting the loss against other gains or profits of the business in the same or previous accounting period.

Non-UK resident companies that buy, develop, or sell UK land must register for Corporation Tax within three months of a disposal.

Those non-UK resident companies that deal in or develop UK land must register for Corporation Tax if their activities involve acquiring or developing property with the intention to profit from its disposal. This requirement applies when the land is held as trading stock, or when a main purpose of acquiring or developing land is to sell it for profit. This is different from acquiring property for investment purposes, such as rental income.

Companies are required to register within three months of making a disposal of UK land. The registration process involves providing essential details, including the company name, country of incorporation, registration number, addresses (both the registered office and the UK business address) and the date the company became liable to Corporation Tax. If the company is part of a group, details of the parent company must also be provided.

Registration can be completed online, after which companies must print and submit the form to HMRC. Alternatively, if online registration is not possible, companies can send a letter with the required information, including a 10-digit dummy Unique Taxpayer Reference (UTR). Once HMRC processes the registration, the company will receive its Corporation Tax UTR.